Interesting first post, this forum is usually about typing keyboards not musical ones
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Luckily USB is USB and bad soldering is bad soldering (no offense) so let's have a look. First thing to check - does the cable fit the same way up in your new connector as the original? If the pins were swapped that's one good way of confusing a computer, though 'too much power' suggests a short between ground and 5v probably because the holes cracked through. From here on I'm assuming the connector is the same as the original.
It looks like the trace from R32 is still attached to the via (hole) next to the 6 of the R136 label, if it is you can solder a wire between the top left pin of the connector and the right side of R32 (your red line) and it won't know any difference.
Same with your blue line - if the via above the right of D8 is still attached to it's right leg solder a wire from the pin to the leg and all good.
Your turquoise and orange lines are actually gaps between traces, the thick one in the middle (your yellow line) is the trace, it's thicker than the two above because it's the power line while the others are for data. There is no good picture but it looks to be heading towards the end of the yellow capacitor - hopefully you can see with the board in your hand. If in doubt try and get a picture with it in focus, if you're sure - you guessed it - solder a wire between the pin and the chip.
The last pin is ground so it connects pretty much everywhere. Your green line to C70 should work, if you want to be really sure look up the pinout for the chip the other side of C70 to check its top right pin is ground. I would have but I can't make out the writing...
One last thing - when I say 'solder' you might like to get someone else to do it, soldering to small factory soldered components can be tricky and looking at the damage you've done you (or maybe your soldering iron) might not be up to it.
Good luck!
