Author Topic: IBM Model M keyboard manufacturers and factories  (Read 6403 times)

0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.

Offline sharktastica

  • Thread Starter
  • Posts: 185
  • Location: Wales, UK
  • CompSci research student, IBMer, r/ModelM mod
    • Admiral Shark's Keyboards
IBM Model M keyboard manufacturers and factories
« on: Fri, 14 February 2025, 19:22:42 »
Hello!

For the past short while, I've been researching and trying to write a much-needed "Manufacturers" section for my IBM Model M keyboards wiki page. I think I've now got something decent enough to go live with, so here is a chart and a link...

312295-0

https://sharktastica.co.uk/wiki?id=modelm#Manufacturers

The main goal was to specify a timeline of IBM divisions, successor companies, and other OEMs involved with manufacturing based on literature sources and what I have collected in my photo archive. I also wanted to do this with considering to buckling sleeve Model Ms as well, which are often omitted (for example, on Wikipedia's Model M keyboard page.) After that, I've described what was known to made in a given IBM factory or by a given OEM. Then, a gave brief description of the plant and/or company where possible. I should be straightforward and say the dates are my current understanding of the timeline. You know how it is - there is probably a credible source or a unicorn keyboard out there that may turn this upside-down in the future...

From a suggestion gave to me on Discord, I decided to make the chart as a visualisation to go at the start of this new section. I think it does a good job of putting some things into perspective easily:

* How IBM Netherlands got in early, making Model M based keyboards as early as 1984.
* How IBM's own production not only did not stop when Lexmark was founded, but even if the U.S., it continued into 3/5 years Lexmark was making keyboards.
* How late IBM United Kingdom was still making keyboards.
* How long Unicomp has been making Model Ms compared to the others.

Anyway, enjoy the chart, the written stuff explaining them, and the impressive CV/resume of IBM Raleigh and the IBM Raleigh Keyboard Product Engineering Laboratory.

Offline ed_avis

  • Posts: 71
Re: IBM Model M keyboard manufacturers and factories
« Reply #1 on: Fri, 21 March 2025, 04:43:05 »
This is very informative, thanks.  But I wonder whether the company name is best way to divide it.  When the keyboard production at Lexington was rebranded from IBM to Lexmark, I imagine that didn't immediately make much difference on the factory floor.  Maybe you should have a continuous line for production at the same factory (or at least in the same city) and use a different colour to indicate change of ownership?

Offline sharktastica

  • Thread Starter
  • Posts: 185
  • Location: Wales, UK
  • CompSci research student, IBMer, r/ModelM mod
    • Admiral Shark's Keyboards
Re: IBM Model M keyboard manufacturers and factories
« Reply #2 on: Sun, 06 April 2025, 18:20:57 »
Thank you both, glad you appreciate the chart!

This is very informative, thanks.  But I wonder whether the company name is best way to divide it.  When the keyboard production at Lexington was rebranded from IBM to Lexmark, I imagine that didn't immediately make much difference on the factory floor.  Maybe you should have a continuous line for production at the same factory (or at least in the same city) and use a different colour to indicate change of ownership?

That is a good idea! I've noted it down, and when I get the chance, I'll toy around with it and see how it turns out.

Offline knightjp

  • Posts: 226
Re: IBM Model M keyboard manufacturers and factories
« Reply #3 on: Mon, 28 April 2025, 00:17:07 »
So according to the chart, Toshiba is still making Model Ms?
I was under the impression that if you really wanted a modern Model M, Unicomp were your only choice. Looking at the chart, that was the case for some time. But now that Toshiba is there in the mix, I wonder if there are any reviews of their versions in comparison to Unicomp's.
I've seen some reviews of Unicomp keyboards. While the boards still retain their buckling spring greatness and typing feel, there are issues related to the aged tooling and build quality.

Offline sharktastica

  • Thread Starter
  • Posts: 185
  • Location: Wales, UK
  • CompSci research student, IBMer, r/ModelM mod
    • Admiral Shark's Keyboards
Re: IBM Model M keyboard manufacturers and factories
« Reply #4 on: Mon, 28 April 2025, 19:43:52 »
So according to the chart, Toshiba is still making Model Ms?
I was under the impression that if you really wanted a modern Model M, Unicomp were your only choice. Looking at the chart, that was the case for some time. But now that Toshiba is there in the mix, I wonder if there are any reviews of their versions in comparison to Unicomp's.

Yes, but not the Model Ms you are thinking of or maybe hoping for. There are essentially two lineages in the Model M family; the buckling spring one (plus some rubber dome variants of) and the buckling sleeve one. Essentially Unicomp inherited the former, Toshiba the latter. As a rule of thumb, buckling springs was generally for IBM's flagship desktop PCs and mainframe/midrange/ASCII terminals, whereas buckling sleeves was generally for IBM's flagship laptops and point-of-sale terminals.

If you're unfamiliar with them, IBM "buckling rubber sleeves" were introduced in 1991 with the IBM Model M3 (PS/2 L40 SX laptop's keyboard and keypad). That was followed by M4/M4-1, M6/M6-1, M7/M7-1, M8, M9 and M11 as the original buckling-sleeve line-up. M6/M6-1 is the most prominent as they were the original IBM ThinkPad Keyboard. If you're expected essentially quieter buckling springs, they won't scratch the itch, but I think they stand well as their own thing. Very underrated (well, perhaps just under-known.)

Anyway, M7 through M11 were the IBM Retail POS keyboard family. IBM later modernised them to become the Modular POS family. In 2012, Toshiba TEC purchased IBM Retail Store Solutions, gaining access to all of these designs. Toshiba has customers as big as Walmart, so if you're in the USA, you may even see buckling-sleeve keypads on POS monitors in their stores. You probably won't find many if any professional reviews of them as they're not consumer products. But they often fall into the hands of IT resellers and can be found on eBay (etc.) nonetheless.

I've seen some reviews of Unicomp keyboards. While the boards still retain their buckling spring greatness and typing feel, there are issues related to the aged tooling and build quality.

In my opinion and experience, Unicomp keyboards are generally better now than they were in the lead-up to the Pandemic at least. Since then, they introduced the New Model M and Mini Model M, both produced with new, fresh outer case tooling. Their other keyboards are still made with old IBM/Lexmark-era tooling though, and those would be subject the aged tooling issues you have heard about. Regardless, the case plastic they use (PC+ABS) does not feel as good as IBM's (generally PVC) and the fit and finish isn't to the old standards, but it may be difficult for them to improve in those areas. A full-size Model M in its heyday was very expensive adjusted for inflation. I don't think Unicomp could viably charge that much nowadays, even if it meant achieving IBM's quality. In some jurisdictions, I believe PVC is also being increasingly regulated and there are some bodies calling for an outright ban - in lieu of that, I think some additives used with PVC have already been so. Anyway, having many of all IBM, Lexmark and Unicomp Model Ms, I'm generally happy with them all to be honest. There are minute to noticable differences in quality you can pick out at any point of the timeline and there is no denying older is generally better, but I think Unicomp generally does "good enough" for me and I'm happy they are still with us and keeping the spirit alive! I love my Mini Ms in particular, with their new keymatrix design that permits larger key combos across the alphabetic keys.
« Last Edit: Mon, 28 April 2025, 19:52:06 by sharktastica »

Offline knightjp

  • Posts: 226
Re: IBM Model M keyboard manufacturers and factories
« Reply #5 on: Tue, 29 April 2025, 04:51:10 »
In my opinion and experience, Unicomp keyboards are generally better now than they were in the lead-up to the Pandemic at least. Since then, they introduced the New Model M and Mini Model M, both produced with new, fresh outer case tooling. Their other keyboards are still made with old IBM/Lexmark-era tooling though, and those would be subject the aged tooling issues you have heard about. Regardless, the case plastic they use (PC+ABS) does not feel as good as IBM's (generally PVC) and the fit and finish isn't to the old standards, but it may be difficult for them to improve in those areas. A full-size Model M in its heyday was very expensive adjusted for inflation. I don't think Unicomp could viably charge that much nowadays, even if it meant achieving IBM's quality. In some jurisdictions, I believe PVC is also being increasingly regulated and there are some bodies calling for an outright ban - in lieu of that, I think some additives used with PVC have already been so. Anyway, having many of all IBM, Lexmark and Unicomp Model Ms, I'm generally happy with them all to be honest. There are minute to noticable differences in quality you can pick out at any point of the timeline and there is no denying older is generally better, but I think Unicomp generally does "good enough" for me and I'm happy they are still with us and keeping the spirit alive! I love my Mini Ms in particular, with their new keymatrix design that permits larger key combos across the alphabetic keys.
I think we are in agreement. I am not familiar with their current offerings and certainly the reviews I watched of Unicomp keyboards were prior to the pandemic.
In fact during the pandemic, bored at home, I went did purchase some tech, which included an original Model M. I did contemplate getting a Unicomp, but for the same price an original almost new Model M came up for sale. So I went for that.
Unicomp's only real customers right now are people like you and me who are tech enthusiasts who know what a Model M. I don't think that most people these days are interested in real good mechanical keyboards. The only mechanical ones they want - are gaming ones with backlighting.

Having a collection of Model Ms is great. As for me my collection is varied. There is one Model M (gifted to my brother who appreciates it), Apple M0116, Sun Type 7 and a Bastron Glass Keyboard which I use at work.