Thanks for the replies everyone! So to get started I actually considered the two recommended boards above, Leopolds and Das, during my search.
You may want to consider leopold, though it has cherry stabilizers (not bad) and a weird spacebar (not a big issue what with "universal" spacebars and all, also not an issue if you don't change it.) They seem to be pretty good keyboards and you can get them in clears (to either make ergo-clears, or just use) and clears are pretty quiet, and have a much larger tactile bump compared with browns. Lots of people don't really like them though. It's just an option to consider.
I agree that Leopold might be your best bet....
I have heard a lot of good things about the Leopold brand of mechanical keyboards, so I'd say definitely check them out. I'd also recommend a full 104 key layout for the same reasons you mention, it's simply faster when working on calculations.
@Dorkvader, therecorder, euphzji
Leopolds were actually my first choice a few weeks ago, but as time progressed and more research was done I sort of veered away from that product since I wasn't hearing much about them. From what I understood Leopolds were also created by Filco's lead designer, but apparently the OEM is still different. The build quality doesn't seem to be an issue besides the minor things dorkVader mentioned, but they might turn out to bother me, so I'll weigh that accordingly. I will definitely give them a second look since you guys are recommending them to me now.
Personally, I own a DasKeyboard Silent, which I'd normally recommend to anyone. However, I just found out that they no longer offer the brown switches outside of the newer "Media control" edition, which apparently costs around $135 instead of the $110 I got it for with student discount.
@euphzji
Das Keyboards caught my eye as well, since they were only ever so slightly over my limit. Aside from hearing about some build quality issues (pretty scarce mostly) I've heard mostly good things about them. I would've been a dream to get it at a student discount with MX Browns, and that is something that didn't really look into, so its rather unfortunate that they don't offer them with that option. I would've snagged that board if it was around $110 with browns, despite the glossy finish which I'm not a huge fan of.
Another interesting thing that you guys pointed out was Rosewill's RMA policy. I briefly looked it up, and I'm getting the impression (from people who have said really negative things about the USB connector on NewEgg) that Rosewill (or NewEgg, I don't know which in this case) was more than willing to fix the connector for you if it malfunctioned. Now it may be a marketing ploy, but for even people who claimed to have it longer than the RMA period expiration date still received messages from the manufacturer about calling a number to replace it; as far as paying for the service, or shipping, was not mentioned really.
I am still definitely considering the Rosewill despite that one issue, because I rarely hear anything wrong with the build quality or feel of the board. Leopolds are now in the running, and unfortunately even though I really wanted to get a CM Quickfire, I may have to reconsider it now for the expected lack of a numpad.
I realized that the worst part of this search is that I will only know if I enjoy the board until I type on it, and I don't know many people that own the boards that I want. So this is mostly a blind search, which is why I base my judgement so far heavily on the opinions of (hopefully) reputable people. Is it common that tech stores will have such keyboards out on display so I could at least try them out? My assumption is no, especially for big chain stores that carry any mechanical KBs. But if anyone would happen to know of any stores in the NYC area that offers any sort of KB demoing, I'm all ears.

Again, I appreciate the detailed responses from your guys so far

. If anyone has any opinions further opinions on any of these boards, I am more than willing to hear them!!