Obviously not. Standard keyboards send codes that are interpreted by the OS.
If you're on GNU/Linux, run `sudo showkey`. (There are probably similar tools for other systems too.) Press the key next to Tab on an ordinary keyboard. `showkey` prints 16. If the software is set to QWERTY, this 16 is interpreted as Q. If it's set to AZERTY, 16 is translated to A.
This keyboard programming (such as on Poker 2) only assigns a different code to the physical key. For example, the key next to Tab will return code 39 (instead of 16), if the keyboard is set to Dvorak Simplified keyboard layout. If the system is set to US QWERTY, then 39 is interpreted as semicolon. If it's set to French AZERTY, then 39 corresponds to M.
Some special codes for "international" keys exist in the standard, but I don't think they're generally well supported.
One way to type characters without touching software keymap is to program certain keys to *macros* that make the OS input an Unicode character. For example, the macro for typing the letter ä would be <Alt press, 1, 3, 2, Alt release>, but only in MS Windows, because X.Org and apparently OS X use different hotkeys for Unicode.