You've been using too much solder. It's a newbie mistake. If you've bridged the pins, don't plug it in until you fix it.
That's odd, because I had practically none whatsoever on my tip. I made sure to have as little as possible, and everything seemed to go absolutely fine.
And there's another problem. I plugged it in to test it, and since it came up with an error that made me realise the USB joints were bridged. Now windows won't give me an error or anything. I guess the question is.. what have I broken?
The "too much solder" comment was really inspired by your through-hole pictures. If you are doing the SMD work with a small bead of solder on your tip then you are doing it right, but if you have enough to bridge the pins, then you are either using a tip that is too large or a bead that is too large. Or, you possibly have really terrible aim, but you're young so I'm willing to bet your hands are much more steady than mine.
I've soldered many of those miniUSB jacks in, and you have to be very careful. Sometimes I make a mess of it, but with the correct tools, you can usually bail yourself out. (although I've never managed to bridge one of the pins) For one thing, I always do a connectivity check with my multimeter after I finish soldering it. You should also have the smallest tip available for your soldering station. You should also have a flux pen and some very small desoldering braid. If you don't have all of those things, you don't have the appropriate tools for this job. In your situation, I would try two things, in this order: (1) Get some flux in there, clean off your tip, and reheat the solder that is bridging the pins. It will often separate just by doing that. Remember- clean tip! (2) If that doesn't work, I'd get in there with the small desoldering braid. That is fussy but it should work. I don't remember what mine is, but perhaps 1mm or 2mm braid. Pre-fluxed!
I wouldn't worry about Windows yet. Fix the board then plug it in. It will probably work.