Large differences. Weight, feel, sound, price... It's really too large a question to answer... But the short one is that Poly and Carbon are not good options, and SS and Alu are pretty similar, though most prefer SS to Alu due to the weight.
Edit: Note, this is based on what I've read and what little experience I have with the subject. I've never tried Poly and Carbon, but Carbon is really expensive, and Poly flexes like... well, like Polyurethane.